docs: sops-nix secrets workflow

Operator runbook for adding a secret, adding a new host, and rotating
keys, plus a pointer from CLAUDE.md's architecture overview.

.gitignore

@@ -1 +1,3 @@
-AGENTS.md
+AGENTS.md
+*.dec
+keys.txt

.sops.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+keys:
+  - &admin_finn age1a0v442ct2qfjcdhyktn25spw02yq4fl08plrrvuradwwxzsle4mq8thln4
+  - &host_mibook age1n3uqtee5ymykrls6k04dznq50cwmj99hw7ny83yxjndt4y2ncf5qhjwa2p
+  # - &host_jupiter age1...   # TODO: Phase 9, see docs/secrets.md
+
+creation_rules:
+  - path_regex: ^secrets/mibook\.yaml$
+    key_groups:
+      - age:
+          - *admin_finn
+          - *host_mibook
+  # - path_regex: ^secrets/jupiter\.yaml$   # TODO: Phase 9
+  #   key_groups:
+  #     - age: [ *admin_finn, *host_jupiter ]
+  # - path_regex: ^secrets/common\.yaml$    # TODO: Phase 9
+  #   key_groups:
+  #     - age: [ *admin_finn, *host_mibook, *host_jupiter ]

CLAUDE.md

@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ flake.nix
     │   ├── core.nix                   # system packages, locale, timezone
     │   ├── network.nix
     │   ├── nix.nix
+    │   ├── sops.nix                   # sops-nix decryption config, sops/age/ssh-to-age on PATH
     │   └── users.nix
     ├── modules/                       # custom NixOS option modules (my.profiles.*, my.hardware.*, my.services.*)
     │   ├── environments/              # per-service/app profiles
@@ -43,10 +44,21 @@ flake.nix
     └── machines/<name>/
         ├── configuration.nix          # machine-specific NixOS settings
         ├── environments.nix           # enables profiles via my.profiles.* / my.hardware.* options
+        ├── secrets.nix                # sops.secrets declared for this host
         ├── disks.nix
         └── hardware-configuration.nix
 ```
 
+### Secrets (sops-nix)
+
+Secrets are encrypted with sops, decrypted per-host from that host's SSH host
+key. `.sops.yaml` defines who can decrypt what; `secrets/<host>.yaml` holds
+the encrypted values; `machines/<host>/secrets.nix` declares which secrets
+that host exposes and consumes them via `config.sops.secrets.<name>.path`.
+Always `git add` a secrets file before `nix build` — untracked files are
+invisible to flake evaluation. Full workflow (adding a secret, adding a host,
+rotating keys): see [`docs/secrets.md`](docs/secrets.md).
+
 ### Profile / Module Pattern
 
 Every module under `modules/` follows the same structure:

docs/secrets.md

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+# Secrets (sops-nix)
+
+Secrets are encrypted with [sops](https://github.com/getsops/sops) and decrypted
+at activation by [sops-nix](https://github.com/Mic92/sops-nix). Each host decrypts
+with its own SSH host key (converted to an age key in-memory — no separate host
+private key is ever stored on disk).
+
+Tooling (`sops`, `age`, `ssh-to-age`) is available via `nix develop` in this repo,
+and installed system-wide on every machine via `machines/core/sops.nix`.
+
+## Adding a secret to an existing host
+
+```
+nix develop -c sops secrets/<host>.yaml
+```
+
+This opens `$EDITOR` on the decrypted content. Add your key, save, quit — sops
+re-encrypts on write. Then declare it in `machines/<host>/secrets.nix`:
+
+```nix
+sops.secrets.my-secret = {
+  owner = "someuser";   # defaults to root
+  group = "someuser";
+  mode = "0400";
+  restartUnits = [ "foo.service" ];  # if a running service needs to pick it up
+};
+```
+
+Consume it in the owning module as `config.sops.secrets.my-secret.path`
+(resolves to `/run/secrets/my-secret`) — never inline the decrypted value into
+a Nix string, since that copies it into the world-readable `/nix/store`.
+
+Then:
+
+```
+nix build '.#nixosConfigurations.<host>.config.system.build.toplevel'
+sudo nixos-rebuild test --flake '.#<host>'
+# verify, then:
+sudo nixos-rebuild switch --flake '.#<host>'
+```
+
+**The secrets file must be `git add`ed before `nix build`** — untracked files
+are invisible to flake evaluation, and `sops.validateSopsFiles` needs it in the
+Nix store.
+
+## Adding a new host
+
+1. On the new host: `ssh-to-age < /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub` to get its
+   age public key.
+2. In `.sops.yaml`: add a `&host_<name>` anchor with that key, and a
+   `creation_rules` entry for `secrets/<name>.yaml` including both the new
+   host key and `*admin_finn`.
+3. Create `machines/<name>/secrets.nix`, add it to that machine's
+   `configuration.nix` imports.
+4. If the host needs to read an existing shared file, run
+   `sops updatekeys secrets/<file>.yaml` after step 2 so it's re-encrypted to
+   include the new recipient.
+
+## Rotating keys
+
+```
+# after editing .sops.yaml (new/removed recipient):
+nix develop -c sops updatekeys secrets/<file>.yaml
+```
+
+for every file the change affects. `updatekeys` requires you to already be
+able to decrypt the file — this is why `*admin_finn` is a recipient on every
+rule, as the standing fallback.
+
+Reinstalling a host regenerates its SSH host key, which changes its age
+identity. Any file previously encrypted to that host must be `updatekeys`'d
+with the new key, or the host's next activation fails to decrypt.
+
+## Where private keys live
+
+- **Operator** (you): `~/.config/sops/age/keys.txt` — sops' default lookup
+  path, so `SOPS_AGE_KEY_FILE` never needs to be set. Never committed. Back
+  this up out-of-band (password manager, offline copy) — if it's lost, only
+  the surviving host keys can still decrypt their own files, and any file that
+  was only ever readable by an operator-only rule becomes permanently
+  unreadable.
+- **Hosts**: `/etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key` — already managed by NixOS,
+  converted to age in-memory at activation time. Nothing extra to back up.
+
+## Layout
+
+```
+.sops.yaml              # age recipients + creation rules (which keys can decrypt which files)
+secrets/<host>.yaml      # per-host encrypted secrets (default sopsFile for that host)
+machines/core/sops.nix   # applied to every machine: decryption config, sops/age/ssh-to-age on PATH
+machines/<host>/secrets.nix   # per-host: which secrets exist, owner/group/mode
+```

flake.lock

@@ -21,11 +21,11 @@
         "nixpkgs-lib": "nixpkgs-lib"
       },
       "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1782949081,
-        "narHash": "sha256-vp6Y/Grm98ESt6ceOkWiHWyZRDV3J1RID4w+6NWK9yA=",
+        "lastModified": 1785627969,
+        "narHash": "sha256-4dtXQk/NMePegK/nWp5NSeuZKLATItOq61lpEvmXqGw=",
         "owner": "hercules-ci",
         "repo": "flake-parts",
-        "rev": "17c9d6cdfc60c64f4ee8d306f9bc0b4ccb51481e",
+        "rev": "427bf4bd9435fdf21321c8cc628c24efc14c0f7a",
         "type": "github"
       },
       "original": {
@@ -89,11 +89,11 @@
         "nixpkgs-regression": "nixpkgs-regression"
       },
       "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1784762557,
-        "narHash": "sha256-R/r6jRnANV50c8F5Fz5+1Q1moab0IGWRk+cg5ME2nMY=",
+        "lastModified": 1787274306,
+        "narHash": "sha256-Qg9f9td5iphUWSQS6zmvyZWO1F+D7j8Z3U6dGyUTg08=",
         "owner": "NixOS",
         "repo": "nix",
-        "rev": "d10c84cd0cc0efdcb29cf2611caf5fbcd10fa071",
+        "rev": "649e823fb24ed118d72e613be35fa8ea1b64afe7",
         "type": "github"
       },
       "original": {
@@ -143,11 +143,11 @@
         "nixpkgs": "nixpkgs_2"
       },
       "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1784723954,
-        "narHash": "sha256-1CfD8ZUjCkTgjsneLZ/lxCHhgDfqxxE7/GX0MmsgiqA=",
+        "lastModified": 1787144466,
+        "narHash": "sha256-HHfv2/HkNSKbbSyU9iD/g8lbP6r4tl33sSw1W4rXCk0=",
         "owner": "NixOS",
         "repo": "nixos-hardware",
-        "rev": "a017f5b72210026af5b3ac5949f08d94380a6fbd",
+        "rev": "0471accf8d0a8210b31d947497d179ecc99e0021",
         "type": "github"
       },
       "original": {
@@ -187,11 +187,11 @@
     },
     "nixpkgs-lib": {
       "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1782614948,
-        "narHash": "sha256-ePjCwr1sNm9NYUqywL7QfK3JnlS015msC+eBu2zKlp8=",
+        "lastModified": 1785031560,
+        "narHash": "sha256-OmshNvn2vupOFpYinLUu+1Dnpu4n7Q5N3ggGVNHpkUI=",
         "owner": "nix-community",
         "repo": "nixpkgs.lib",
-        "rev": "db3f255737b94216eb71cce308e2912cf6bc2d7c",
+        "rev": "0e79af5e3d4dcfcd676ab5ba3f95d2e3352e078c",
         "type": "github"
       },
       "original": {
@@ -218,11 +218,11 @@
     },
     "nixpkgs-unstable": {
       "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1784796856,
-        "narHash": "sha256-vwxWgF+Gj276WznzGb1LxGsK/39HaQwgQXiU3EkC844=",
-        "rev": "e2587caef70cea85dd97d7daab492899902dbf5d",
+        "lastModified": 1787135253,
+        "narHash": "sha256-M5/r2v++FjVhdsxXYMb4BDJ5YLAdCWFt3aZotcshocA=",
+        "rev": "ffb3c9b700e759be2ef13237c9d8f953b32a1e46",
         "type": "tarball",
-        "url": "https://releases.nixos.org/nixos/unstable/nixos-26.11pre1040357.e2587caef70c/nixexprs.tar.xz"
+        "url": "https://releases.nixos.org/nixos/unstable/nixos-26.11pre1058091.ffb3c9b700e7/nixexprs.tar.xz"
       },
       "original": {
         "id": "nixpkgs",
@@ -245,11 +245,11 @@
     },
     "nixpkgs_3": {
       "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1784707089,
-        "narHash": "sha256-DUedXhD2Rg8q4Xyd07Sb90eZGy4gg6W+Vl/WbLNwAZo=",
-        "rev": "b3fe9581c9061c749abef42b6d4ee7b7c05c33fa",
+        "lastModified": 1787101114,
+        "narHash": "sha256-BA7sSNjLDuPGSOYBGpr6WQjke1MQ8AZpJ8GlYZM/mOc=",
+        "rev": "b18a4b905f8d028dc4476412e6d6891728695379",
         "type": "tarball",
-        "url": "https://releases.nixos.org/nixos/26.05/nixos-26.05.5845.b3fe9581c906/nixexprs.tar.xz"
+        "url": "https://releases.nixos.org/nixos/26.05/nixos-26.05.8045.b18a4b905f8d/nixexprs.tar.xz"
       },
       "original": {
         "id": "nixpkgs",
@@ -264,7 +264,28 @@
         "nixos-generators": "nixos-generators",
         "nixos-hardware": "nixos-hardware",
         "nixpkgs": "nixpkgs_3",
-        "nixpkgs-unstable": "nixpkgs-unstable"
+        "nixpkgs-unstable": "nixpkgs-unstable",
+        "sops-nix": "sops-nix"
+      }
+    },
+    "sops-nix": {
+      "inputs": {
+        "nixpkgs": [
+          "nixpkgs"
+        ]
+      },
+      "locked": {
+        "lastModified": 1788337237,
+        "narHash": "sha256-gkSH8VUtCo6hnysNmb9DbTuDepH2t5pv+QWjP75xKAk=",
+        "owner": "Mic92",
+        "repo": "sops-nix",
+        "rev": "fbf759290e0cb0a98dfc813a4eb7d53ad1dacb57",
+        "type": "github"
+      },
+      "original": {
+        "owner": "Mic92",
+        "repo": "sops-nix",
+        "type": "github"
       }
     }
   },

flake.nix

@@ -11,6 +11,10 @@
       url = "github:nix-community/nixos-generators";
       inputs.nixpkgs.follows = "nixpkgs";
     };
+    sops-nix = {
+      url = "github:Mic92/sops-nix";
+      inputs.nixpkgs.follows = "nixpkgs";
+    };
 
   };
 
@@ -36,6 +40,15 @@
           _module.args.pkgs = import inputs.nixpkgs {
             inherit system;
           };
+
+          devShells.default = pkgs.mkShell {
+            packages = with pkgs; [
+              sops
+              age
+              ssh-to-age
+              nixfmt
+            ];
+          };
         };
 
       systems = [ "x86_64-linux" ];

machines/configuration.nix

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ let
     nixpkgs
     nixpkgs-unstable
     nixos-hardware
+    sops-nix
     #hyprland
     ;
   nixosSystem = nixpkgs.lib.makeOverridable nixpkgs.lib.nixosSystem;
@@ -40,6 +41,7 @@ let
       ];
     }
     ../modules
+    sops-nix.nixosModules.sops
     # ../profiles
   ];
   defaultModules = baseModules ++ customModules;

machines/core/default.nix

@@ -3,5 +3,6 @@
   ./modules.nix
   ./network.nix
   ./nix.nix
+  ./sops.nix
   ./users.nix
 ]

machines/core/sops.nix

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# sops-nix plumbing — applied to every machine.
+# See docs/secrets.md for the day-to-day workflow.
+{
+  config,
+  lib,
+  pkgs,
+  ...
+}:
+{
+  # Each host defaults to its own secrets/<hostname>.yaml. Override per-secret
+  # with sops.secrets.<name>.sopsFile for shared files.
+  sops.defaultSopsFile = lib.mkDefault (../../secrets + "/${config.networking.hostName}.yaml");
+  sops.defaultSopsFormat = "yaml";
+  sops.validateSopsFiles = true;
+
+  # Decrypt with the host's own SSH host key, converted to age.
+  # Explicit rather than inheriting the openssh-derived default, so this does
+  # not silently break if services.openssh is ever disabled.
+  sops.age.sshKeyPaths = [ "/etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key" ];
+  sops.age.generateKey = false;
+
+  # Age only. The default here is the RSA host key imported as a GPG key,
+  # which is deprecated and an extra failure surface.
+  sops.gnupg.sshKeyPaths = [ ];
+
+  environment.systemPackages = with pkgs; [
+    sops
+    age
+    ssh-to-age
+  ];
+}

machines/jupiter/environments.nix

@@ -1,9 +1,5 @@
 # enabled profiles
-{ config, lib, ... }:
-let
-  secrets = config.sops.secrets;
-in
-{
+_: {
   my.profiles = {
     hyprland.enable = false;
     zsh.enable = true;

machines/mibook/configuration.nix

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
     ./hardware-configuration.nix
     ./environments.nix
     ./network.nix
+    ./secrets.nix
     # ./system.nix use docker here
   ];
 
@@ -21,7 +22,6 @@
     useOSProber = true;
   };
 
-
   # Configure keymap in X11
   services.xserver.xkb = {
     layout = "de";
@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@
   services.printing.enable = true;
   nixpkgs.config.allowUnfree = true;
 
-
   hardware.nvidia.prime = {
     sync.enable = false;
 

machines/mibook/environments.nix

@@ -1,9 +1,5 @@
 # enabled profiles
-{ config, lib, ... }:
-let
-  secrets = config.sops.secrets;
-in
-{
+_: {
   my.profiles = {
     kde-desktop.enable = true;
     zsh.enable = true;

machines/mibook/secrets.nix

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# Secrets decrypted on mibook. sopsFile defaults to secrets/mibook.yaml
+# via machines/core/sops.nix.
+{ ... }:
+{
+  # Pipeline smoke test — proves host-key decryption works end to end.
+  # Safe to delete once a real secret is in place.
+  sops.secrets.placeholder = {
+    mode = "0400";
+    owner = "root";
+    group = "root";
+  };
+}

secrets/mibook.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+placeholder: ENC[AES256_GCM,data:tji/6di1F2GsD60TEBGAVvZR9m4jxQ8=,iv:BoBQVR735vq38iGx40VHIpk185ylf79mKmnpewcq/+o=,tag:lXNNk4/HYB0sw44KaQ2KYg==,type:str]
+sops:
+    age:
+        - enc: |
+            -----BEGIN AGE ENCRYPTED FILE-----
+            YWdlLWVuY3J5cHRpb24ub3JnL3YxCi0+IFgyNTUxOSA4ZUk5cjhGTlVveUFRdHdS
+            elpVV0pZVU54U3plYjNBai9ZZVBxTDhyRFFnCmpGWW81VGJoMnd4eWxCWnovQnFF
+            WXR1MVBTZ3VRUnNMUjI5Rko4NHpBdjQKLS0tIDkxYWNxTmhUS2dYTkFnTWZXaS9V
+            ejdtSmF2M1ZVdFNiWENMWlNraUYxVzAKdlz4xLhTKjJfFESDcym2xCOa71rXj6BE
+            mdeaCDhE11CAXqrpKU+j0/kwTsZRzyqlwQsfeI4ratu1K1vY66ONsw==
+            -----END AGE ENCRYPTED FILE-----
+          recipient: age1a0v442ct2qfjcdhyktn25spw02yq4fl08plrrvuradwwxzsle4mq8thln4
+        - enc: |
+            -----BEGIN AGE ENCRYPTED FILE-----
+            YWdlLWVuY3J5cHRpb24ub3JnL3YxCi0+IFgyNTUxOSBYT1hRSGt6TDRSMklQNDA3
+            Z2lYS2pMRWxxeEtGRGJSeXRDSlY5UTFBNEZvCm5RK0huT282MXpwWjdrTHByY3Ev
+            bTBMczR1MzVEcnNDVUxadlREbGg3UUUKLS0tIHhydUlmRExkbmNNNkVTcW1OSnpZ
+            aEtLZkRTRE9GZ0I1bEN0ZEl3RjVMeDgKoCY7NyxFMS+WuBUez2Irf91Xuy9QpM5g
+            RTmhK6mw2wd8oUMdgPOUESNwh1xkCz4hDHPrDQnfd4sPhSAvh28jwg==
+            -----END AGE ENCRYPTED FILE-----
+          recipient: age1n3uqtee5ymykrls6k04dznq50cwmj99hw7ny83yxjndt4y2ncf5qhjwa2p
+    lastmodified: "2026-09-08T13:29:12Z"
+    mac: ENC[AES256_GCM,data:YjMMIUdfCl8dkuvtvBZTFIhLwsUjI6iSeN929O4igbwpRTyGVxgLmAMl81YYHJSyEibelT7ZBKiuVVnL2KjLvAKTj3H1O+AQrcAEJDPC9NwPJwbtAIpLl2li5060Kdj4kr8AY+UJ2kHycuS9dg6wPZTLBJcM/YCw0AoVftvzryM=,iv:GEQZF9RvW+MJlMIjn1ToD74RubWMQtCyE5LqW9KQQfA=,tag:NR6u88eBY1asQZM6f45hTw==,type:str]
+    unencrypted_suffix: _unencrypted
+    version: 3.13.3